What is the Consumer Confidence Index and who publishes it?

The Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) is a monthly economic indicator published by The Conference Board. It measures how optimistic or pessimistic American consumers are about current economic conditions and their expectations for the next six months, based on a survey of approximately 5,000 households.

How is the Consumer Confidence Index different from the Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index?

The CCI surveys 5,000 households and emphasizes labor market perceptions, while the Michigan index surveys about 500 households and focuses more on personal finances and inflation expectations. The Michigan index also releases a preliminary mid-month reading. Both are valuable, but they can diverge when job market conditions and household financial stress send different signals.

What does a Consumer Confidence Index reading above or below 100 mean?

The CCI uses 1985 as its base year (1985 = 100). A reading above 100 means consumers are more confident than they were in 1985, while a reading below 100 means they are less confident. In practice, readings have ranged from about 25 during the 2008 crisis to above 140 during the late-1990s boom.

Can the Consumer Confidence Index predict recessions?

The CCI has historically been a useful recession indicator. Sustained declines in the Expectations Index — particularly when it drops below 80 for three consecutive months — have preceded four of the last five U.S. recessions. However, it works best when combined with other indicators like employment data, yield curves, and GDP growth.

How should investors use the Consumer Confidence Index?

Investors can use the CCI for sector rotation (favoring discretionary stocks when confidence rises, staples when it falls), as an earnings leading indicator (confidence changes often precede earnings surprises by one to two quarters), and as a contrarian signal at extreme readings. It is most effective when combined with other economic indicators rather than used in isolation.

Deep Dive: What Is the Consumer Confidence I...

Every month, a single number captures the collective mood of American consumers — and Wall Street pays close attention. The Consumer Confidence Index (CCI), published by The Conference Board, is one of the most closely watched economic indicators in the United States. When confidence rises, it signals that households are willing to spend, borrow, and invest. When it falls, it often foreshadows economic slowdowns, reduced corporate earnings, and market turbulence.

For investors, the CCI is more than a sentiment gauge — it's a leading indicator with a track record of anticipating shifts in consumer spending, which accounts for roughly 70% of U.S. GDP. Understanding how the index works, what drives its movements, and how to interpret its signals can give you a meaningful edge in portfolio positioning. With consumer sentiment currently in flux — the University of Michigan's Consumer Sentiment Index read 56.4 in January 2026, well below its February 2025 level of 64.7 — the question of where consumers stand has rarely been more relevant.

What the Consumer Confidence Index Measures and How It Works

The Consumer Confidence Index is a monthly survey-based indicator produced by The Conference Board, a non-profit economic research organization. Each month, approximately 5,000 U.S. households are surveyed about their perceptions of current economic conditions and their expectations for the next six months.

The survey asks five core questions covering two dimensions. The Present Situation Index captures how consumers feel about current business conditions and the current job market — essentially, "how are things right now?" The Expectations Index measures where consumers think business conditions, employment, and their own income will be in six months — "where are things headed?"

Responses are tallied as the percentage of respondents answering positive, negative, or neutral. The positive-to-negative ratio for each question is then benchmarked against a 1985 base year (1985 = 100). The five individual indices are averaged to produce the headline CCI number. A reading above 100 indicates sentiment is better than it was in 1985; below 100 suggests consumers are more pessimistic than that baseline. In practice, readings have ranged from a low of 25.3 during the 2008 financial crisis to a high above 140 during the late-1990s economic boom.

CCI vs. Michigan Consumer Sentiment: Two Surveys, Different Signals

The Consumer Confidence Index is often compared to — and sometimes confused with — the University of Michigan's Consumer Sentiment Index (UMCSI). While both measure consumer attitudes, they differ in methodology, sample size, and emphasis in ways that matter for investors.

The Michigan survey is smaller (about 500 households per month vs. 5,000 for the CCI) and places greater emphasis on personal financial conditions and inflation expectations. The CCI, by contrast, weights labor market perceptions more heavily, making it a better proxy for employment-driven spending decisions. The Michigan index also includes a preliminary reading mid-month, which can move markets before the CCI's end-of-month release.

Consumer Sentiment Trend (Michigan UMCSI)

The Michigan index has shown a volatile trajectory over the past year, dropping from 64.7 in February 2025 to a trough of 51.0 in November 2025 before recovering modestly to 56.4 in January 2026. This pattern — a sharp decline followed by a tentative recovery — often reflects consumer unease about inflation and policy uncertainty, even as headline economic data remains broadly positive. For a comprehensive reading, investors should track both surveys. When the CCI and Michigan index diverge, it often signals that labor market conditions and personal financial stress are sending different messages.

Why Consumer Confidence Moves Markets: The Spending Connection

Consumer confidence matters to investors for one fundamental reason: consumer spending drives the U.S. economy. Personal consumption expenditures accounted for approximately $2.28 trillion in monthly output as of the latest data, and total retail sales reached $735 billion in December 2025. When consumers feel confident, they spend more on discretionary goods, take on mortgage and credit card debt, and make major purchases like cars and appliances. When confidence drops, they pull back — and corporate revenue follows.

The transmission mechanism works through several channels. First, discretionary spending is highly sensitive to confidence. Retailers like Walmart (WMT), Costco (COST), and Home Depot (HD) see direct revenue impacts when consumers shift between "willing to spend" and "hunkering down" modes. Second, housing activity correlates with confidence — consumers who feel secure about their jobs and income are more likely to buy homes. With mortgage rates recently dropping below 6% for the first time since 2022, the interplay between confidence and housing affordability is particularly relevant today. Third, credit expansion tracks confidence. When households are optimistic, they borrow more freely, supporting growth in sectors from auto lending to credit cards.

U.S. Retail Sales (Billions, Monthly)

Historically, sustained drops in consumer confidence have preceded four of the last five U.S. recessions. The CCI's Expectations Index is particularly useful here — when it drops below 80 for three consecutive months, it has historically signaled recession risk within the following 12 months. This makes the index not just a coincident indicator of how consumers feel today, but a forward-looking tool for economic forecasting.

The Current Consumer Landscape: Mixed Signals in Early 2026

The consumer confidence picture in early 2026 is a study in contradictions. On one hand, the labor market remains resilient — the unemployment rate stood at 4.3% in January 2026, stable compared to the 4.2% average through the first half of 2025. GDP growth has been steady, with the economy expanding from $30.04 trillion in Q1 2025 to $31.49 trillion in Q4 2025. The Federal Reserve has begun easing, cutting the federal funds rate from 4.33% through mid-2025 to 3.64% in January 2026, providing a tailwind for borrowing costs.

On the other hand, consumer sentiment surveys paint a more cautious picture. The Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index at 56.4 remains significantly below pre-pandemic norms (which typically ranged from 90-100). Inflation, while moderating, continues to weigh on household budgets — the CPI index reached 326.6 in January 2026, representing a cumulative price increase that still leaves many consumers feeling squeezed even as year-over-year inflation rates have declined.

Federal Funds Rate vs. Unemployment

This divergence between hard data (employment, GDP, retail sales) and soft data (consumer sentiment surveys) is one of the defining puzzles of the current cycle. Some economists attribute it to "vibecession" — a phenomenon where consumers feel worse about the economy than traditional metrics suggest they should, driven by cumulative inflation, political uncertainty, and social media-amplified negativity. For investors, the question is whether soft data will eventually pull hard data lower, or whether spending resilience will gradually lift sentiment back toward historical norms.

How Investors Can Use the CCI in Portfolio Decisions

The Consumer Confidence Index is most useful as a portfolio positioning tool when combined with other indicators rather than used in isolation. Here are the key frameworks for incorporating CCI data into investment decisions.

Sector rotation: When confidence is rising, consumer discretionary stocks (retail, restaurants, travel, entertainment) tend to outperform. Companies like McDonald's (MCD), Nike (NKE), and Yum! Brands (YUM) see direct benefits from increased willingness to spend on non-essential goods. When confidence is falling, consumer staples (Procter & Gamble (PG), Walmart (WMT), Costco (COST)) tend to hold up better as consumers shift toward essential purchases. The CCI's monthly cadence makes it useful for identifying these rotation points.

Earnings expectations: The CCI often leads corporate earnings by one to two quarters. A sustained decline in confidence can signal that upcoming earnings seasons may disappoint, particularly in consumer-facing sectors. Conversely, a confidence rebound from depressed levels can signal an earnings recovery before it shows up in analyst estimates.

Contrarian signals: Extreme readings in either direction can serve as contrarian indicators. When the CCI drops to historically depressed levels (below 50), markets have often already priced in significant bad news, creating buying opportunities. The index bottomed at 25.3 in February 2009 — which turned out to be within weeks of the S&P 500's generational low. Similarly, euphoric readings above 130 have sometimes preceded market corrections as expectations get ahead of reality.

Combining with the 10-year Treasury yield: The relationship between consumer confidence and bond yields provides additional context. Currently, with the 10-year Treasury at 4.08% and consumer sentiment subdued, the bond market is signaling that investors expect moderate growth — consistent with the "resilient but cautious" consumer picture. If confidence were to deteriorate sharply while yields remained elevated, it would suggest stagflationary risks that warrant more defensive positioning.

Conclusion

The Consumer Confidence Index remains one of the most valuable tools in an investor's macroeconomic toolkit. By distilling the attitudes of 5,000 American households into a single monthly number, it provides an early-warning system for shifts in consumer spending — the engine that drives roughly 70% of the U.S. economy. Its track record of leading recessions, correlating with sector performance, and signaling turning points in corporate earnings makes it essential reading alongside employment data, inflation metrics, and GDP reports.

As of early 2026, the consumer confidence picture suggests an economy in transition. Hard data — employment, GDP growth, retail sales — remains solid, but sentiment surveys indicate underlying caution that could constrain spending growth if conditions deteriorate. For investors, the key is to watch both the Present Situation and Expectations components of the CCI, track the divergence between confidence and actual spending data, and use extreme readings as potential contrarian signals. In a market where the Fed is cutting rates and mortgage costs are declining, the question of whether consumer confidence follows economic reality higher — or serves as a warning that the reality is about to worsen — will be one of the defining themes of the year ahead.