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Deep Dive: What Is the PEG Ratio — How It Combines Price, Earnings, and Growth Into One Valuation Metric

The price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio is the most widely cited valuation metric in investing — but used in isolation, it can be deeply misleading. A stock trading at 47 times earnings looks expensive next to one at 23 times earnings. But what if the first company is growing earnings at 57% annually while the second is growing at 15%? Suddenly the picture inverts. That is exactly the problem the PEG ratio solves. The PEG ratio — short for price/earnings-to-growth — adjusts the P/E ratio by the company's earnings growth rate, giving investors a single number that accounts for both what they are paying and what they are getting in return. Developed by investor Peter Lynch and popularized in his 1989 book *One Up on Wall Street*, the PEG ratio remains one of the most practical tools for comparing growth stocks on a level playing field. With the Federal Reserve cutting rates from 4.33% in August 2025 to 3.64% in January 2026, growth stocks have surged — and so have their P/E ratios. In this environment, PEG becomes especially valuable: it helps investors distinguish between stocks that are genuinely expensive and those that are simply priced for the growth they are delivering.

PEG ratioprice-earnings-to-growthstock valuation

Deep Dive: What Is Earnings Per Share (EPS) — The Single Number That Drives Stock Prices

Of all the metrics Wall Street obsesses over, none moves stock prices quite like earnings per share. When Apple reported $2.84 diluted EPS for its fiscal Q1 2026 — beating analyst estimates — the stock rallied. When a company misses its EPS target by even a penny, shares can plunge in after-hours trading. EPS is the single number that distills a company's entire profitability story into a figure every investor can compare. Earnings per share measures how much profit a company generates for each outstanding share of its common stock. It is the foundation of the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio, the most widely used valuation metric in equity analysis. Understanding EPS — how it is calculated, what affects it, and where it can mislead — is essential for anyone evaluating stocks. Whether you are screening companies, reading an earnings report, or trying to understand why a stock just dropped 8% after hours, EPS is almost always at the center of the story. This guide breaks down the EPS formula, explains the critical difference between basic and diluted EPS, walks through real examples from Apple, Microsoft, and NVIDIA, and shows how investors use EPS alongside other metrics to make informed decisions.

earnings per shareEPSdiluted EPS

Deep Dive: How to Value a Stock — P/E, EV/EBITDA, DCF and the Metrics That Actually Matter

Every stock has a price, but not every stock is worth what it costs. The difference between a stock's market price and its intrinsic value is the central question of investing — and answering it requires understanding the metrics that separate cheap stocks from genuinely undervalued ones. In February 2026, the gap between valuation approaches has never been more visible. Apple trades at a P/E ratio of 33.5x while generating $99 billion in annual free cash flow. Microsoft sits at 24.9x earnings despite being the world's third-largest company by market cap. Nvidia commands a 47x multiple as investors price in years of AI-driven growth. Same market, same economy, wildly different valuations — and each one tells a different story about what investors expect. This guide breaks down the five valuation metrics that matter most: P/E ratio, EV/EBITDA, price-to-free-cash-flow, discounted cash flow analysis, and dividend yield. For each metric, we'll explain what it measures, when it works, when it misleads, and how professional investors actually use it. Whether you're evaluating your first stock or stress-testing a portfolio, these are the tools that separate informed investing from speculation.

stock valuationP/E ratioEV/EBITDA